Figure 1: Peptide mapping is the workhorse technique in biopharmaceutical analysis, offering the comprehensive characterization of biopharmaceutical products. Its applications include the identification of proteins based on the elution pattern of peptide fragments, the determination of posttranslational modifications, the confirmation of genetic stability, and the analysis of protein sequences when interfaced to a mass spectrometer. In a typical peptide mapping workflow, a protein is first digested with trypsin or other protease to generate peptides, which are separated by liquid chromatography,…