Figure 1. The costs of producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from mammalian cells are extremely high. Producing 500 kg/year of a MAb can run $200,000,000/year or more. Great effort has been made by the biopharmaceutical industry to reduce these costs. Companies have improved or expanded their existing infrastructures for MAb manufacturing, optimized media formulations and feeds, and/or genetically engineered production cell lines, with the current industry goal of 10 g/L titers and productivities of 100 picograms/cell/day. A twofold increase in volumetric…