Biopharmaceutical companies continue to wrestle with how to approach the implementation of process analytical technology (PAT). The accelerated adoption of many new technologies has benefited from the identification of a “killer app,” an early application that enables a readily achieved breakthrough in capability. This can be a totally new capability (e.g., e-mail on the internet) or a major step-change (e.g., 10× or more) in an existing capability. Flashes of inspiration cannot be achieved at will, but we can identify elements…