Figure 1. Developed in 1996, the WAVE Bioreactor™ and Cellbag™ disposable bioreactor systems have revolutionized cell culture for commercial and R&D applications in the production of cell-derived products using animal, insect, plant, microbial, and virus cultures. Oxygen transfer and mixing are accomplished by the novel principle of wave-induced agitation. Wave action generates free surfaces for bubble-free oxygen transfer from the headspace of each Cellbag bioreactor, and it also mixes the fluid suspending cells or particles. This design eliminates the need…