British American Tobacco (BAT) will use its tobacco-based expression technology to make a not-for-profit vaccine candidate targeting the novel coronavirus.

The vaccine candidate has been developed by Kentucky BioProcessing (KBP), the wholly owned subsidiary of the Big Tobacco firm BAT.

“KBP recently cloned a portion of the genetic sequence encoding the selected coronavirus antigen – a substance which induces an immune response in the body and the production of antibodies,” a BAT spokesperson told this publication.

The tobacco plant facility in Kentucky run by KBP, part of British American Tobacco (BAT)

“This sequence was then inserted into tobacco plants for rapid multiplication production and, once the plants were harvested, the antigen was then purified, conjugated with the TMV scaffold (a unique type of adjuvant) and is now undergoing pre-clinical testing.”

The single-dose vaccine being developed is being made using BAT’s tobacco plant technology, which the company says has several potential advantages over conventional vaccine production technology. These include a safer product, given that tobacco plants can’t host pathogens which cause human disease; quicker production resulting in production of a vaccine in six weeks versus several months using conventional methods; and stability of the product at room temperature.

Ebola and flu

The platform has seen some success with KBP using similar technology to produce the Ebola treatment ZMAPP in 2014 and 2015, using similar technology. To make the treatment, genes coding for the chimeric monoclonal antibodies are inserted into viral vectors, and tobacco plants are infected with the viral vector encoding for the antibodies, using Agrobacterium cultures.

Furthermore, KBP has worked with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the past to produce seasonal flu vaccine. “Vaccine development is challenging and complex work, but in 2011 we demonstrated the potential scale of production in producing 10 million seasonal flu vaccine doses in one month,” the firm said. In parallel with the coronavirus vaccine KBP’s seasonal flu program will go to Phase I clinical testing from June.

“With our existing facility in Kentucky we will be able to process enough tobacco to manufacture enough antigen for one to three million doses [of a potential COVID-19 vaccine] per week from June,” we were told.

Downstream partnering

The firm is also looking to work with others to tackle COVID-19, especially around clinical trials and to resolve current bottleneck issues relating to the TMV adjuvant conjugation and final product fill.

“BAT are looking for help from governments to accelerate clinical trials to demonstrate the candidate vaccine is safe and effective. We also need help with downstream manufacturing in terms of TMV conjugation and final dispensing and are open to working with governments and other partners to build scaled up manufacturing.

“This is non-competitive and BAT are open to collaboration with other vaccine producers and share its technology.”

Despite this, the firm says it is set to begin clinical trials in June and start manufacturing in parallel.

“It is impossible to say when it will be available, and this will become clearer when we know what testing governments will require.”

The company added that this is not a commercial opportunity for BAT and will be carried out on a not-for-profit basis.